This paper proposes a risk assessment methodology in response to FATF’s requirement that simplified CDD procedures only be introduced after having undertaking a comprehensive risk assessment. The methodology involves 5 steps, which will help operators and regulators to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing.

Guidance paper which provides support to countries and their financial institutions in designing AML/CFT measures that meet the national goal of financial inclusion, without compromising the measures that exist for the purpose of combating crime.



This book is a guide to preserving the integrity of mobile money. Based on fieldwork in eight national markets and research in several countries including India and South Africa, the book suggests ways to lower the risks associated with mobile money.

In 2009, the Philippines Central Bank (BSP) issued an ‘e-money’ circular that opened e-money issuance to non-banks, thus enabling regulation for mobile money solutions. This document highlights industry regulatory solutions which are relevant and helpful to facilitate the development of MMU.

The success of Kenya’s M-PESA has raised questions about regulating nonbanks—most notably mobile network operators (MNOs)—who work directly with customers.

Late in 2008, the Kenyan Government publicly – and suddenly – requested the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) conduct an immediate risk-assessment of the service. This case study looks at the CBK’s process of assessing M-Pesa’s risk and determining how it fits within existing regulations.

E‑money represents a promising opportunity to provide low-income individuals with more than just payment and safe storage services. This paper explores the regulatory implications of interest-bearing and insured e-money savings accounts.